Table 2

Number of observations, and error rates before and after BCMA implementation

Study	Ward type	No of observations	Frequency of errors including time errors	Change from baseline	p Value	Frequency of errors excluding time errors	Change from baseline	p
Baseline	Post-BCMA	Baseline	Post-BCMA	Baseline	Post-BCMA
Paoletti et al⁹	Cardiac telemetry	308	318	25.3%	19.2%	24.1%	0.065	1.6%*	1.6%*	0.0%	0.959
Poon et al¹⁰	Medical	2008	2232	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.3%†	3.8%†	28.5%‡	ND
Paoletti et al⁹	Medical-surgical	320	310	15.6%	10.0%	35.9%	0.035	6.3%*	2.9%*	53.5%	0.045
Franklin et al¹¹	Surgical	1473	1139	7.0%	4.3%	38.6%	0.005	ND	ND	ND	ND
Helmons et al¹²	Medical-surgical	888	697	10.7%	8.2%	23.6%	ND	8.0%	3.4%	56.9%	ND
Poon et al¹⁰	Surgical	3528	3856	ND	ND	ND	ND	9.8%†	5.4%†	45.1%‡	ND
De Young et al¹³	ICU	775	690	19.7%	8.7%	56.0%	<0.001	3.6%	4.2%	−16.3%	ND
Helmons et al¹²	ICU	374	394	12.6%	13.5%	−7.0%	ND	11.0%	9.9%	9.7%	ND
Poon et al¹⁰	ICU	1187	1230	ND	ND	ND	ND	27.3%†	16.5%†	39.5%‡	ND
Morris et al¹³	NICU	46090	46308	6.7%	8.0%	−14.7%‡	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Ros et al²⁰	Neurology	3814	4300	5.8%	7.0%	−20,4%	<0.03	1.7%	0.8%	48.5%	<0.0008
Poon et al¹⁰	Overall	6723	7318	16.7%§	12.2%§	27.3%	0.001	11.5%	6.8%	41.4%	<0.001

*Excluding time and technique errors.
†Frequency calculated based on numbers presented in original publication (number of errors per ward type/number of observed doses per ward type ×100%).
‡Reduction calculated based on numbers presented in original publication.
§Only time errors.
BCMA, bar code-assisted medication administration; ND, not determined.