Skip to main content
Log in

The epidemiology of preventable adverse drug events: A review of the literature

Die Epidemiologie vermeidbarer unerwünschter Arzneimittelgeschehen

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Eine zunehmende Anzahl an Studien berichten, dass unerwünschte Arzneimittelgeschehen (UAGs) in der stationären Versorgung häufig sind und erheblichen Schaden verursachen. Obwohl der Fokus auf der Vermeidung liegen müsste, untersuchen nur wenige Studien die Vermeidbarkeit von UAGs. Ziel dieses Literaturüberblicks ist, die Studien über UAGs und ihre Vermeidbarkeit zusammenzufassen und die Inzidenzen, Eigenschaften, Risikofaktoren, Kosten und Präventionsmöglichkeiten darzustellen.

Methoden

Wir durchsuchten systematisch die Datenbanken Medline und Embase nach Literatur, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1980 und Juni 2002 publiziert wurde. Alle Artikel, die Primärdaten über die Inzidenz und Vermeidbarkeit von UAGs in Krankenhauseinrichtungen beschrieben, wurden einbezogen.

Ergebnisse

In den 8 gefundenen Artike In betrug die Inzidenz von UAGs zwischen 0,7% und 6,5% der hospitalisierten Patienten; bei bis zu 56,6% der Fälle wurde die UAG als vermeidbar angesehen. Des Weiteren führten UAGs in 2,4% bis 4,1% zur Einweisung in Krankenhauseinrichtungen, auch hier wurde bei bis zu 69,0% der Fälle die Vermeidbarkeit angenommen. Ein großer Anteil von vermeidbaren UAGs, die sogenannten Medikationsfehler, ereignen sich beim Verschreiben, Transkribieren, Zubereiten und Darreichen von Arzneimitteln. Eine genauere Analyse der Medikationsfehler zeigt, dass diese in bis zu 57,0 Fällen pro 1.000 Verordnungen vorliegen. Zwischen 18,7% und 57,7% dieser Fehler hat das Potential eine Patientenschädigung zu bewirken, letztendlich führen jedoch nur etwa 1% zu vermeidbaren UAGs.

Folgerung

Die Erfassung von Fehlern mit nur potentieller Schädigung durch computergestützte Methoden ist eine effektive Möglichkeit, UAGs zu verstehen und zu vermeiden. Neben der Verwendung von Computer-Erfassungsmethoden kann durch die Teilnahme von Pharmazeuten bei der Medikamentenverschreibung ein enormer Anteil an Fehlern vermieden werden. Die größte Herausforderung bei der Veränderung des Gesundheitssystems in ein System, in dem die Patientensicherheit höchste Priorität hat, ist die Entwicklung einer Kultur des permanenten Lernens aus Fehlern unter den Mitarbeitern. Indem Wahrnehmungen und Anregungen der Mitarbeiter genutzt werden und ihre Ideen durch kurze Veränderungszyklen implementiert werden, kann das Mitarbeiterpotential zu einer führenden Kraft bei der Verringerung von Fehlern und Verbesserung des Gesundheitssystems werden.

Summary

Background

A growing amount of data suggests that adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospital settings are frequent and result in substantial harm. Even though prevention is where efforts must be directed, only a few studies have reported on the preventability of these events. The objective of this article is to review the literature of ADEs and their preventability, and to report on their incidences, characteristics, risk factors, costs and prevention strategies.

Methods

We systematically searched Medline and Embase for literature published between 1980 and June 2002. All articles reporting primary data on the incidences of ADEs and their preventability in hospital settings were included.

Results

In the 8 articles retrieved the incidences of ADEs were between 0.7% and 6.5% of hospitalized patients; in up to 56.6% these events were judged to be preventable. Furthermore, ADEs accounted for 2.4% to 4.1% of admissions to inpatient facilities: preventability was stated in up to 69.0% of these events. A substantial body of preventable ADEs, the so-called medication errors, occur in the process of ordering, transcribing, dispensing and administrating the drugs. Further investigations into medication errors at the ordering stage reveal their occurrence in up to 57.0 per 1,000 orders. Between 18.7% and 57.7% of those errors have the potential for harm, but only in about 1% they result in preventable ADEs.

Implications

The detection of errors having only the potential for harm by means of computerized surveillance has shown to be a useful technique in order to understand and prevent ADEs. Apart from the use of sophisticated computer techniques the participation of pharmacists in the drug prescribing process results in a tremendous error reduction. The greatest task in changing the health care system into a system with safety as its first priority is to create a culture of constant learning from mistakes among health care professionals. The appreciation of the health care teams’ ideas and perceptions for improvement, and their implementation through small improvement cycles, may represent the leading strength in error reduction and health care improvement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kohn LT, Corrigan J, Donaldson MS (2000) To err is human: building a safer health system. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Phillips, DP, Christenfeld N, Glynn LM (1998) Increase in US medication-error deaths between 1983 and 1993. Lancet 351: 643–644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. National Wholesale Druggists’ Association Reston, VA: 1998

  4. Manasse HR Jr (1989) Medication use in an imperfect world: drug misadventuring as an issue of public policy, Part 2. Am J Hosp Pharm 46: 1141–1152

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. von Laue N, Schwappach DLB, Koeck CM (2003) The epidemiology of medical errors: a review of the literature. Wien Klin Wochenschr 115: 318–325

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brennan TA, Leape LL, Laird NM, Hebert L, Localio AR, Lawthers AG, et al (1991) Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. N Engl J Med 324: 370–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Reason JT (1990) Human error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge New York

    Google Scholar 

  8. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Burke JP (1997) Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 277: 301–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Roughead EE, Gilbert AL, Primrose JG, Sansom LN (1998) Drug-related hospital admissions: a review of Australian studies published 1988–1996. Med J Aust 168: 405–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hayward RA, Hofer TP (2001) Estimating hospital deaths due to medical errors: preventability is in the eye of the reviewer. JAMA 286: 415–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Leape L, Meisel S (2000) Reducing medical errors: lessons from collaborative efforts to prevent errors in prescribing. 5th Forum of quality improvement in health care, Amsterdam

  12. Cullen DJ, Bates DW, Small SD, Cooper JB, Nemeskal AR, Leape LL (1995) The incident reporting system does not detect adverse drug events: a problem for quality improvement. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 21: 541–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Thomas EJ, Studdert DM, Burstin HR, Orav EJ, Zeena T, Williams EJ, et al (2000) Incidence and types of adverse events and negligent care in Utah and Colorado. Med Care 38: 261–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, Lawthers AG, Localio AR, Barnes BA, et al (1991) The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II N Engl J Med 324: 377–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Leape LL, Lawthers AG, Brennan TA, Johnson WG (1993) Preventing medical injury. QRB Qual Rev Bull 19: 144–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wilson RM, Runciman WB, Gibberd RW, Harrison BT, Newby L, Hamilton JD (1995) The Quality in Australian Health Care Study. Med J Aust 163: 458–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP (1991) Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. JAMA 266: 2847–2851

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bates DW, Leape LL, Petrycki S (1993) Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events in hospitalized adults. J Gen Intern Med 8: 289–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, Petersen LA, Small SD, Servi D, et al (1995) Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA 274: 29–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Honigman B, Lee J, Rothschild J, Light P, Pulling RM, Yu T, et al (2001) Using computerized data to identify adverse drug events in outpatients. J Am Med Inform Assoc 8: 254–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Einarson TR (1993) Drug-related hospital admissions. Ann Pharmacother 27: 832–840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Schneitman-McIntire O, Farnen TA, Gordon N, Chan J, Toy WA (1996) Medication misadventures resulting in emergency department visits at and HMO medical center. Am J Health Syst Pharm 53: 1416–1422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hallas J, Haghfelt T, Gram LF, Grodum E, Damsbo N (1990) Drug related admissions to a cardiology department; frequency and avoidability. J Intern Med 228: 379–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bates DW, Boyle DL, Vander Vliet MB, Schneider J, Leape L (1995) Relationship between medication errors and adverse drug events. J Gen Intern Med 10: 199–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lesar TS, Briceland LL, Delcoure K, Parmalee JC, Masta Gornic V, Pohl H (1990) Medication prescribing errors in a teaching hospital. JAMA 263: 2329–2334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lesar TS, Lomaestro BM, Pohl H (1997) Medication-prescribing errors in a teaching hospital. A 9-year experience. Arch Intern Med 157: 1569–1576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Conroy S, Choonara J, Impicciatore P, Mohn A, Arnell H, Rane A, et al (2000) Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries. European Network for Drug Investigation in Children. BMJ 320: 79–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Folli HL, Poole RL, Benitz WE, Russo JC (1987) Medication error prevention by clinical pharmacists in two children’s hospitals. Pediatrics 79: 718–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kaushal R, Bates DW, Landrigan C, McKenna KJ, Clapp MD, Federico F, et al (2001) Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. JAMA 285: 2114–2120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Thomas EJ, Brennan TA (2000) Incidence and types of preventable adverse events in elderly patients: population based review of medical records. BMJ 320: 741–744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bates DW, Miller EB, Cullen DJ, Burdick L, Williams L, Laird N, et al (1999) Patient risk factors for adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. ADE Prevention Study Group [see comments]. Arch Intern Med 159: 2553–2560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cullen DJ, Sweitzer BJ, Bates DW, Burdick E, Edmondson A, Leape LL (1997) Preventable adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: a comparative study of intensive care and general care units. Crit Care Med 25: 1289–1297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Andrews LB, Stocking C, Krizek T, Gottlieb L, Krizek C, Vargish T, et al (1997) An alternative strategy for studying adverse events in medical care. Lancet 349: 309–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bates DW, Spell N, Cullen DJ, Burdick E, Laird N, Petersen LA, et al (1997) The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Adverse Drug Events Prevention Study Group. JAMA 277: 307–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Johnson JA, Bootman JL (1995) Drug-related morbidity and mortality. A cost-of-illness model. Arch Intern Med 155: 1949–1956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ernst FR, Grizzle AJ (2001) Drug-related morbidity and mortality: updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 41: 192–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Raschke RA, Gollihare B, Wunderlich TA, Guidry JR, Leibowitz AI, Peirce JC, et al (1998) A computer alert system to prevent injury from adverse drug events: development and evaluation in a community teaching hospital. JAMA 280: 1317–1320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Classen DC, Horn SD, Bass SB, Burke JP (1994) Preventing adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Ann Pharmacother 28: 523–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bates DW, Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Laird N, Petersen LA, Teich JM, et al (1998) Effect of computerized physician order entry and a team intervention on prevention of serious medication errors. JAMA 280: 1311–1316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Blum KV, Abel SR, Urbanski CJ, Pierce JM (1988) Medication error prevention by pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm 45: 1902–1903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Clapp MD, Burdick E, Demonaco HJ, Erickson JI, et al (1999) Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit. JAMA 282: 267–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nolan TW (2000) System changes to improve patient safety. BMJ 320: 771–773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Leape LL, Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Cooper J, Demonaco HJ, Gallivan T, et al (1995) Systems analysis of adverse drug events. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA 274: 35–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Langley GJ, Nolan KM, Nolan TW (1992) The foundation of improvement. API Publishing, Silver Spring

    Google Scholar 

  45. Leape LL, Kabcenell AI, Gandhi TK, Carver P, Nolan TW, Berwick DM (2000) Reducing adverse drug events: lessons from a break through series collaborative. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 26: 321–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicoletta C. von Laue.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

von Laue, N.C., Schwappach, D.L. & Koeck, C.M. The epidemiology of preventable adverse drug events: A review of the literature. Wien Klin Wochenschr 115, 407–415 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03040432

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03040432

Schlüsselwörter

Key words

Navigation