Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Objectives Published in vitro stability data for ceftolozane–tazobactam supports intermittent short duration infusions. This method of delivery is not feasible for many outpatient antimicrobial therapy services that provide only one or two visits per day. This study aimed to assess time, temperature and concentration-dependent stability of ceftolozane–tazobactam in an elastomeric infusion device for continuous infusion across clinically relevant ranges encountered in outpatient antimicrobial therapy.
Methods Ceftolozane–tazobactam was prepared to achieve initial concentrations representing total daily doses for ‘renal’, ‘standard’ and ‘high’ dose schedules in elastomeric infusion devices with a volume of 240 mL. Infusion devices incubated at room and body temperature were serially sampled over 48 hours. Refrigerated infusion devices were sampled over 10 days. Concentrations of ceftolozane and tazobactam were separately quantified using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array method.
Results The greatest loss of ceftolozane occurred at 37°C, however, stability remained above 90% at 24 hours. Tazobactam was more stable than ceftolozane under these conditions. There was minimal loss at 4°C for either component over 7 days.
Conclusions Ceftolozane-tazobactam is suitable for ambulatory care delivered as a continuous infusion via an elastomeric infusion device.
- drug stability
- infectious diseases
- clinical pharmacy
- elastomeric infusion device
- ceftolozane–tazobactam
- outpatient intravenous antimicrobial therapy
Statistics from Altmetric.com
- drug stability
- infectious diseases
- clinical pharmacy
- elastomeric infusion device
- ceftolozane–tazobactam
- outpatient intravenous antimicrobial therapy
Introduction
Published in vitro stability data for ceftolozane–tazobactam supports intermittent short duration infusions at a standard dose of 1.5 g three times a day.1 Thrice daily visits are not practical for many outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services and measures to facilitate once daily visits, such as continuous 24-hours infusions are preferred.2 A recent case report demonstrated the clinical utility and likely stability of ceftolozane–tazobactam administered as a continuous infusion by elastomeric infusion device.3 Elastomeric infusion devices are highly practical but present challenges to drug stability. They have a limited volume that may result in high drug concentrations and are often exposed to increased ambient temperature due to positioning close to the patient.4 5 In the current study, experimental conditions were established in vitro to assess time, temperature and concentration-dependent stability of ceftolozane–tazobactam encompassing clinically relevant ranges for use as continuous infusion in OPAT, including a maximum dose of 9 g per day as proposed for nosocomial pneumonia.6
Methods
Sample preparation and experimental conditions
Ceftolozane–tazobactam powder for infusion (Merck Sharp & Dohme, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA) was reconstituted as per the manufacturer’s product information and then diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride for injection to achieve initial concentrations representing total daily doses for ‘renal’, ‘standard’ and ‘high’ dose schedules (table 1) in LV10 elastomeric infusion devices with a volume of 240 mL and intended infusion rate of 10 mL/h (Baxter, Old Toongabbie, New South Wales, Australia).
Dosing schedules and initial concentrations
Prepared infusates were incubated at body temperature (37°C), room temperature (25°C) or refrigerated at 4°C. Body and room temperature infusates were protected from light during incubation; refrigerated infusates were out of direct sunlight. No precautions against ambient light exposure were taken during preparation or manipulation of samples. Five elastomeric infusion device replicates were prepared for each experimental condition (dose-temperature). Samples were taken at 0, 6, 18, 22, 24, 30 and 48 hours for all temperature conditions with additional samples taken at 72, 120, 168 and 240 hours for the 4°C storage condition. Infusors were inverted three times prior to sampling and the first 100 µL of infusate from the tubing was discarded.
Physical assessments
Samples were transferred to a glass vial for colour, clarity and precipitation assessments. Presence or absence of colour change was assessed visually for each sample held against a white card, in addition, colour photographs taken at each time point were compared with baseline (time 0). Clarity was reported as clear or turbid by comparison with a blank (drug free) 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection against a striped card. Precipitants were reported as present or absent after visual inspection while agitating the vial. Subvisible particle detection was performed by dynamic light scatter on a 1 mL aliquot using the Zetasizer Nano (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) with a refractive index of 1.39 and an absorption coefficient of 0.1 over eight runs of 10 s each per sample at 25°C. Presence of subvisible particles was reported if any particles were detected with a diameter in the order of ≥10 000 nm. A 0.25 mL aliquot was used to assess the pH using a LAQUA Twin compact pH meter (Horiba, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan) according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Drug concentrations
Concentrations of ceftolozane and tazobactam were separately quantified using a validated method on a Nexera ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan). Separations were performed on an Xterra RP C18, 2.1×150 mm (3.5 µm) analytical column (Waters, Milford, Massachusetts, USA) preceded by a SecurityGuard Ultra C18 guard cartridge (Phenomenex, Torrance, California, USA). Mobile phase composition was 87% phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7) prepared using disodium hydrogen phosphate (Merck, Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany) and orthophosphoric acid (VWR International BDH, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA) with 13% methanol. The mobile phase was delivered isocratically at 0.25 mL/min and produced a backpressure of 3400 psi. The PDA monitored the UV spectrum from 190 to 400 nm. Approximate retention times and wavelength for quantitation for each analyte peak were: ceftolozane 2.3 min at 310 nm and tazobactam 2.9 min at 225 nm. Samples were quantified against a calibration curve generated from the batch calibrators.
Statistical methods
All data manipulation and analysis was conducted using RStudio (RStudio Team (2015). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, http://www.rstudio.com/). For stability analysis, concentrations were converted to percentage of baseline mean for each condition (dose-temperature). A simple linear regression model was fitted to assess the association between time and concentration. Potential outliers were identified by analysis of Cook’s distance and removed if confirmed to be extreme on visual inspection. The non-linear least squares method was used to fit an exponential model to assess the effect of temperature on concentration with estimates of the mean predicted using the second order Taylor expansion from the predictNLS function (propagate v1.0–4, Spiess A-N). All percentage estimates are presented as mean with 95% CI. Stability was predefined as greater than 90% of the baseline mean remaining at 24 hours in the absence of visible or subvisible particles. The 30 and 48-hours time points were included in the room and body temperature arms for analytical purposes to increase confidence in the 24-hours estimate and should not be used as clinical validation or endorsement of continuous infusion beyond 24 hours.
Results
All samples were free of sub-visible and visible particulate matter. There were no observed changes in clarity or colour in any of the refrigerated (4°C) samples or at 24 hours in the samples from elastomeric infusion devices incubated at room (25°C) or body (37°C) temperature. An increase in intensity of yellow colour was observed at 48 hours for the room and body temperature samples. The pH was observed to fall over time under every condition tested with the maximal drop being from 5.8 to 5.5 at 24 hours in the high dose elastomeric at body temperature. All samples remained within the pH range 5.5–6.2.
Tazobactam showed similar stability to ceftolozane when refrigerated (figure 1) and at room temperature (figure 2) and was clearly more stable at body temperature (figure 2). Ceftolozane met the predefined stability criteria with 97.7% (97.6 to 97.9) remaining at 24 hours at room temperature for the renal dose, 97.6% (97.5 to 97.8) for the standard dose and 98.8% (98.7 to 98.9) for the high dose. Ceftolozane stability was also maintained at 24 hours when incubated at body temperature with 93.0% (92.4 to 93.6) for the renal, 93.3% (93.1 to 93.4) for the standard and 93.2% (93.0 to 93.4) for the high dose.
Scatter plot of ceftolozane (circles) and tazobactam (triangles) concentrations expressed as per cent of baseline mean against time for each of five replicates at renal, standard and high dosing schedules refrigerated at 4°C. Fitted regression lines are plotted with shaded area showing 95% CI. Dotted vertical line identifies the critical time point at 7 days.
Panel of scatter plots showing ceftolozane (circles) and tazobactam (triangles) concentrations expressed as per cent of baseline mean against time for each of five replicates at renal, standard and high dosing schedules incubated at either 25°C representing room temperature or 37°C for body temperature. Fitted regression lines are plotted with shaded area showing 95% CI. Dotted vertical line identifies the critical time point.
The relationship between temperature and ceftolozane per cent remaining at 24 hours is shown in figure 3, as data points were seen to cluster, pooled data from the three doses were used to fit an exponential model which gave an estimate for 32°C as 96.2% (95.3 to 97.2). There was minimal loss at 4°C with 99.1% (98.9 to 99.3) ceftolozane remaining at 7 days (168 hours) for renal, 99.9% (99.7 to 100.2) for standard and 100.0% (99.8 to 100.2) for high dose preparations (figure 1).
Scatter plot of ceftolozane concentrations expressed as per cent of baseline mean against storage temperature at 24 hours. Fitted exponential regression line is plotted with shaded area showing 95% CI. Dotted vertical line identifies the critical temperature of 32°C.
Discussion
Using methods that are consistent with recent recommendations,2 elastomeric infusion devices for ambulatory care containing a total daily dose of ceftolozane–tazobactam in 240 mL remain stable for 24 hours at 21°C and 37°C. There were no appreciable concentration-related effects on drug stability. It should be noted that we used the 90% stability standard as defined in the European and US Pharmacopoeias, however the most recent UK yellow cover document introduced a 95%–105% limit.7 Although falling below 95% at 37°C, our modelling suggests acceptable stability at 32°C. The temperature of devices has been shown to vary depending on proximity to the body and placement relative to clothes and bedclothes,4 5 however no sustained periods above 32°C have been documented and the temperature of the infusate is likely to be well below this for much of the day. We have also demonstrated stability of ceftolozane–tazobactam in these devices when refrigerated for up to 7 days.
The main limitation of this study is that we did not attempt to identify the nature of any breakdown products. We did observe a fall in pH in parallel with loss of ceftolozane which is intriguing as ceftolozane alone has a pH of 2.08; it remains unclear if this is due to an accumulating acidic breakdown product or degradation of the solution buffer. The changes in pH were not considered to represent a clinically significant stability issue.7 Another limitation is that we have only investigated a single elastomeric infusion device and due to potential interaction with the drug contact surface these results cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other infusion devices. We also did not conduct sequential temperature studies but the cumulative loss from 7 days of refrigeration and then 24 hours of ambulatory temperature is likely to be acceptable. It should be noted that the product information recommends vials be protected from light, but as this warning is not applied to the reconstituted solution, we did not explicitly control light exposure. Any effect of light has not been described in published literature and this could be investigated if aiming for a higher stability target.
In conclusion, ceftolozane and tazobactam are both stable across a range of clinically relevant temperatures and concentrations in a 240 mL elastomeric infusion device. Ceftolozane–tazobactam is considered suitable for ambulatory care to deliver total daily doses as a continuous infusion.
What this paper adds
What is already known on this subject
Ceftolozane–tazobactam is stable for delivery when dosed by intermittent infusion.
Elastomeric infusion devices provide convenient delivery of antibiotics as a continuous infusion in the outpatient setting.
Delivering total daily dose as a continuous infusion presents challenges for stability due to the need of high drug concentrations and potential prolonged exposure to body temperature.
What this study adds
Ceftolozane and tazobactam are both stable across a range of clinically relevant temperatures and concentrations in a 240 mL elastomeric infusion device.
Footnotes
EAHP Statement 3: Production and Compounding.
Twitter @Sai_Naicker
ER and SN contributed equally.
Presented at Preliminary results from this study were presented as a poster at the 20th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australian Society for Antimicrobials, February 2019, Sydney, Australia.
Contributors All listed authors fulfil the 4 ICMJE criteria, there have been no other contributors.
Funding Supported in part by a research grant from the Investigator Initiated Studies Program of Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd [IIS 57279].
Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd.
Competing interests JR and LM have participated as MSD expert advisory board members and JR has undertaken consultancies for MSD. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Original data in an excel spreadsheet are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author (ORCID iD 0000-0003-1671-6188).