PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Rana Kamran Mahmood
AU  - Syed Wasif Gillani
AU  - Maryam Jaber Alzaabi
AU  - Shabaz Mohiuddin Gulam
TI  - Evaluation of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and management through pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship programmes: a meta-analysis of evidence
AID  - 10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002914
DP  - 2022 Jan 01
TA  - European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
PG  - 2--7
VI  - 29
IP  - 1
4099  - http://ejhp.bmj.com/content/29/1/2.short
4100  - http://ejhp.bmj.com/content/29/1/2.full
SO  - Eur J Hosp Pharm2022 Jan 01; 29
AB  - Purpose This meta-analysis aims to evaluate inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the Gulf region and determine the effect of pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes on reducing inappropriateness.Method Articles were searched, analysed, and quality assessed through the risk of bias (ROB) quality assessment tool to select articles with a low level of bias. In step 1, 515 articles were searched, in step 2, 2360 articles were searched, and ultimately 32 articles were included by critical analysis. Statistical analysis used to determine risk ratio and standard mean differences were calculated using Review manager 5.4; 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the fixed-effect model. The I2 statistic assessed heterogeneity. In statistical heterogeneity, subgroup and sensitivity analyses, a random effect model was performed. The α threshold was 0.05. The primary outcome was inappropriateness in antibiotic prescribing in the Gulf region and reduction of inappropriateness through AMS.Result Detailed review and analysis of 18 studies of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the Gulf region showed the risk of inappropriateness was 43 669/100 846=43.3% (pooled RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.32). Test with overall effect was 58.87; in the second step 28 AMS programmes led by pharmacists showed reduced inappropriateness in AMS with pharmacist versus pre-AMS without pharmacist (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.39).Conclusion Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the Gulf region is alarming and needs to be addressed through pharmacist-led AMS programmes.Data are available upon reasonable request. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.