Disinfection |
Austin and Elia10 |
Nurses did not clean the working surface or ampoule necks and did not use gloves
|
Cleaning the working surface with detergents and disinfectants (eg, 70% isopropyl alcohol or ethanol) with proper technique Use of gloves Cleaning each ampoule neck and rubber septa with alcohol swab before opening
| Nurses and pharmacists | Clinic |
Gargiulo et al19 |
Lack of hand hygiene, no disinfection of phial septa or intravenous ports and multiple use of syringes
|
Hand washing and hand disinfection Disinfection of the intravenous ports
| Anaesthetists | Clinic |
Gorski21 |
Lack of infection prevention in peripheral intravenous catheter use and alternative site infusions
|
Skin antisepsis before catheter placement
| Nurses | Clinic and home |
Catheter care |
Gorski21 | Lack of infection prevention in peripheral intravenous catheter use and alternative site infusions |
Checking and caring the catheter site daily
| Nurses | Clinic and home |
Yoshida et al27 |
Character of ward and catheter placement time
|
Catheter placement not more than 30 days
| Nurses and pharmacists | Clinic and pharmacy departments |
Equipments and medicines |
Bertoglio et al11 |
Manually filled (filled by a nurse or a pharmacist in a hospital ward) syringes
|
Using of manufactured prefilled syringes
| Nurses and pharmacists | Clinic |
De Smet et al16 |
Multiple dose phials with a high nutrient content
|
Singe use of flushing solutions with low nutrient content
| Nurses | Clinic |
Buerke et al12 |
Multiple use
|
Single use of syringes in automatic injectors
| Technical and medical staff | CT department (clinic) |
Nakataki et al30 |
Improper handling
|
Aseptic handling of infusion set needles
| Nurses | Clinic |
Rangel-Fausto et al24 |
Open infusion containers
|
Use of closed infusion containers
| Physicians, nurses and paramedical staff | Clinic |
Dolan et al18 | N/A |
Single use of syringes, disposable tubes and connectors of automatic injectors Discarding all opened phials, intravenous solutions and opened syringes
| N/A | N/A |
Storing |
Dolan et al18 | N/A |
Storing medications in a clean area on a clean surface Storage of needles and syringes never unwrapped Preparation of IV solutions as close as possible to administration
| N/A | N/A |
Working environment |
Dolan et al18 | N/A |
Drug preparation in laminar flow hood Avoiding to contact sterile drugs or sterile areas with non-sterile objects
| N/A | N/A |
Stucki et al26 |
Environmental aspects
|
Working in cleanrooms when ever possible
| Single operator | Clinic and pharmacy department |
Quality of prepared medications |
Gershman et al20 |
No auditing for suppliers
|
Checking suppliers to ensure that medications ordered are produced according to manufacturing regulations
| N/A | Pharmacy department |