Author | Year | Country | Setting* | Ward type† | Population ‡ | Study design | Definition of error | Detection method |
Cousins et al14 | 2005 | England | Hospital – general | Mixed | Not stated | Prospective observational | Definition from Taxis (2003). | Disguised observation |
Ghaleb et al15 | 2010 | England | Hospital – specialist | Mixed | Paediatrics | Prospective observational | Ghaleb et al.22 | Disguised observation |
Narula et al16 | 2011 | England | Hospital – specialist | Mixed | Paediatrics | Retrospective observational | National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention23 | Spontaneous reporting |
O’Hare et al17 | 1995 | Northern Ireland | Hospital – specialist | Not stated | Paediatrics | Prospective observational | United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)33 | Disguised observation |
Ross et al18 | 2000 | Scotland | Hospital – specialist | Mixed | Paediatrics | Retrospective observational | Local definition | Spontaneous reporting |
Taxis and Barber19 | 2003 | England | Hospital – general | Mixed | Not stated | Prospective observational | Local definition | Disguised observation |
Thomas and Taylor20 | 2014 | England | Not stated | Critical care units | Adults | Retrospective observational | Local definition34 | Spontaneous reporting |
Wirtz et al21 | 2003 | England | Hospital – specialist | Not stated | Not stated | Prospective observational | Definition from Taxis (2003).19 | Disguised observation |
*Hospital (general); hospital (specialist); ambulatory care unit; home; not stated.
↵†Medical; surgical; critical care unit; operating theatre; emergency department; mixed; not stated.
‡Adults; paediatrics; neonates; not stated.